अApnaFunda

RKEC PROJECTS LIMITED (RKEC)

Industrial Services · Engineering & Construction · figures to Nov '26

Quality scoreHow the business itself ranks against its sector peers on profitability, 3-year growth and leverage. 50 is the middle of the sector.4 / 100
Profitability 3Growth 2Balance sheet 6

Share price

Closing priceAdjusted for splits and bonus issues.

₹20.3 latest close · −30.5% over the last 90 sessions

₹20₹25₹30Jul 3Jul 29Aug 24Sep 17Oct 14Nov 9 ₹20₹25₹30Jul 3Sep 4Nov 9

₹20.3 month-end · −64.4% over 12 months

₹20₹40₹60Nov '25Jan '26Apr '26Jun '26Sep '26Nov '26 ₹20₹40₹60Nov '25May '26Nov '26

₹20.3 month-end · −72.7% over 3 years

₹50₹100Nov '23Jun '24Jan '25Sep '25Apr '26Nov '26 ₹50₹100Nov '23May '25Nov '26

₹20.3 month-end · −64.2% since Mar '19

₹50₹100Mar '19Sep '20Apr '22Oct '23May '25Nov '26 ₹50₹100Mar '19Jan '23Nov '26

52-week range ₹17.22 to ₹71.29 · 1-year volatility 69.4%

How rough has the ride been?

Maximum drawdown-87.6%not yet recovered
1-year volatility69.4%annualised

Drawdown from peak

0%−25%−50%−75%2020202120222023202420252026−87.6% 0%−25%−50%−75%2020202220242026−87.6%
Largest drawdowns

-87.6% (2024-07 peak to 2026-10 low, not yet recovered)

-68.3% (2021-07 peak to 2022-06 low, recovered 2024-06)

-60.3% (2019-06 peak to 2020-03 low, recovered 2021-02)

Where does it rank among Industrial Services peers?

Each cell is the company's percentile rank among its Industrial Services peers (non-financial companies) that month.
Darker is better-ranked.
Rows marked ↓ are inverted (lower debt, shorter cash cycle and a lower P/E rank higher).

Where it ranks today

  • ROCE4th▼ 32 pts vs a year ago
  • Op. margin3rd▼ 52 pts vs a year ago
  • Revenue growth1st▼ 35 pts vs a year ago
  • EPS growth2nd▼ 31 pts vs a year ago
  • Debt/equity ↓5th▼ 10 pts vs a year ago
  • Cash cycle ↓19th▲ 9 pts vs a year ago
  • P/E ↓83rd▼ 6 pts vs a year ago
  • 12M momentum2nd▼ 20 pts vs a year ago

Rank history

ROCE
Op. margin
Revenue growth
EPS growth
Debt/equity ↓
Cash cycle ↓
P/E ↓
12M momentum
Dec '21Jul '22Jan '23Jul '23Jan '24Jul '24Jan '25Jul '25Jan '26Jul '26Nov '26
Lower rank Higher rank Not enough data

Percentiles use today's listed companies in the sector and need at least 5 peers with a value; grey cells have too few.
ROE is computed from net profit and book value where the source does not report it.

The Industrial Services sector page Watch it move against Industrial Services in the Observatory

What is the price implying?

Trailing earnings per share are negative, so a P/E-based figure does not exist. See the loss-makers list on the Expectations Gap page for a revenue-based version.

“Implied growth” is what the current price would require under our stated assumptions, not what we expect.

What prices imply across Industrial Services The market-wide Expectations lists

Key figures

Share Priceclose 9 Nov
₹20.30
ROCE
-6.0%
Market Cap
₹52 cr
Revenue (TTM)
₹121 cr
P/S
0.4x
P/B
0.3x
ROE
-32.8%
Operating Margin
-109.0%
Debt / Equity
1.4x
Promoter Holding
57.7%
12M Momentum
-64.4%

52-week range

₹17.22₹71.29
6% of the way from its 52-week low to its high

Price risk

1Y volatility
69.4%
Beta vs sector
1-year daily
0.99

Balance sheet & cash

Interest cover
operating profit ÷ interest
-2.2x
Cash from profit, 3Y
operating cash flow ÷ net profit
-0.40x
low
Share count, 1Y
+8.3%

Are profits backed by cash?

1 of 4checks within range3 beyond a threshold
Other income reliance—Not enough data

Not enough reported data to compute this.

Tax rate—Not enough data

Not enough reported data to compute this.

Cash conversion-0.40xBeyond threshold

Operating cash flow divided by net profit over the last three fiscal years: -0.40x (cash from operations ₹-2 cr, net profit ₹5 cr). Bands: 0.8x and above, 0.5x to 0.8x, below 0.5x.

Free cash flow1 of 5 yrsBeyond threshold

Fiscal years with positive free cash flow in the last 5: 1. Bands: at least 80% of years, 40% to 80%, below 40%.

Receivable days vs history+79 daysBeyond threshold

Debtor days are above the median of the previous three fiscal years by 79 days (262 vs 183). Bands: under 15 days, 15 to 45, over 45.

Capital work in progress6% of fixed assetsWithin range

Capital work-in-progress is 6% of fixed assets. Bands: not rising or up to 30%; rising for three years and above 30%; rising and above 60%.

Payable days—Not enough data

Not enough reported data to compute this.

Tap a check to see how it is measured

How to read this

Each check is a named rule with fixed thresholds, not a score. Annual statements are the latest restated figures, so a past year may differ from what was originally reported.

All terms explained in the glossary →

Who has been buying and selling?

  • Over 3 years, promoters trimmed 12.0 pts; DIIs added 4.0 pts.
  • The number of shareholders rose from 6,999 to 12,328 (+76%) between Sep 2023 and Jun 2026.

Holdings, Jun '26

How each group changed

GroupSep '23Jun '26Change
Promoters69.7%57.7%-12.0 pts
FIIs0.0%0.1%+0.1 pts
DIIs0.0%4.0%+4.0 pts
Public and others30.3%38.2%+7.9 pts

Number of shareholders

12,328shareholders+76% since Sep '23
7k9k11k13k Sep '23Sep '24Mar '25Sep '25Jun '26
Sep '23: 6,999
Dec '23: 10,036
Sep '24: 12,080
Dec '24: 13,297
Mar '25: 13,018
Jun '25: 12,671
Sep '25: 12,858
Mar '26: 12,289
Jun '26: 12,328
7k9k11k13k Sep '23Dec '24Sep '25Jun '26
Sep '23: 6,999
Dec '23: 10,036
Sep '24: 12,080
Dec '24: 13,297
Mar '25: 13,018
Jun '25: 12,671
Sep '25: 12,858
Mar '26: 12,289
Jun '26: 12,328

Quarterly shareholding as reported, labelled by the quarter it covers (it becomes visible about two months later).
Shareholder counts are only available for recent quarters.

This quarter's smart-money board

What happened next to similar setups

+11.1%typical 12-month return vs the marketNot meaningfully different from the base rate
  • We found 50 past situations where a non-financial company looked like RKEC PROJECTS LIMITED today on valuation, return on capital, margins, debt, growth, price momentum, size and volatility.
  • Over the following 12 months the middle half of them returned −24% to +58% vs the market, against −3% for all non-financial companies in the same months.
  • The gap against the base rate (+14.4%, 80% range −6.1% to +38.3%) is within what chance and overlapping periods produce.

Where the 50 outcomes landed

−100%−50%0%+50%+100%
AKSHAR · Aug 2023: −66.6% vs market
GSS · Sep 2025: −58.7% vs market
TVVISION · Oct 2025: −56.9% vs market
PALREDTEC · Nov 2024: −55.4% vs market
TAKE · Mar 2022: −51.0% vs market
SVPGLOB · Jun 2023: −49.0% vs market
OSWALSEEDS · Nov 2024: −38.3% vs market
LOYALTEX · Jan 2025: −38.2% vs market
SHRENIK · May 2023: −37.0% vs market
USK · Oct 2025: −32.6% vs market
PRAXIS · Jun 2023: −28.1% vs market
LEXUS · Sep 2023: −23.9% vs market
GLOBALE · Sep 2025: −23.9% vs market
GINNIFILA · Aug 2023: −23.7% vs market
SELMC · May 2025: −22.9% vs market
KOHINOOR · Jan 2024: −20.0% vs market
NECLIFE · Aug 2025: −18.4% vs market
FMNL · May 2022: −14.1% vs market
KSHITIJPOL · Jul 2025: −12.2% vs market
SECURKLOUD · Feb 2025: −10.7% vs market
NAGREEKCAP · Sep 2020: −4.6% vs market
SHAHALLOYS · Jun 2023: −2.8% vs market
MCL · Jun 2022: −2.5% vs market
SEMAC · Aug 2024: +8.5% vs market
NEXTMEDIA · Mar 2021: +9.8% vs market
ESSARSHPNG · Mar 2022: +12.3% vs market
ZEELEARN · Apr 2023: +16.3% vs market
ATLANTAA · Jan 2020: +25.2% vs market
VINEETLAB · Jul 2025: +36.8% vs market
AUTOIND · Jun 2020: +37.6% vs market
AKSHOPTFBR · Jul 2020: +40.5% vs market
RADAAN · Apr 2021: +41.5% vs market
SUPREMEINF · Jun 2022: +44.8% vs market
FLEXITUFF · Jun 2020: +45.2% vs market
NIBL · Dec 2024: +46.3% vs market
ORIENTALTL · Aug 2023: +49.9% vs market
A2ZINFRA · Apr 2023: +53.6% vs market
INSPIRISYS · Feb 2023: +59.4% vs market
COFFEEDAY · Aug 2021: +73.3% vs market
SEPC · Jun 2021: +74.5% vs market
ONEPOINT · Sep 2020: +77.0% vs market
VIPCLOTHNG · Jan 2020: +77.1% vs market
SADBHAV · Feb 2023: +89.8% vs market
IVP · Jun 2020: +109.2% vs market
SUZLON · Jan 2020: +121.4% vs market
HUBTOWN · Apr 2023: +147.3% vs market
BLKASHYAP · May 2020: +170.9% vs market
SIMPLEXINF · Apr 2023: +172.9% vs market
JPPOWER · Apr 2020: +181.7% vs market
HILTON · Jun 2021: +219.5% vs market
Similar setups +11.1%All companies −3.3%← worse than the marketbetter than the market →

Each dot is one past situation (hover or tap for details) · Solid dots are the closest matches, listed below · Shaded is the middle half of all companies in the same months · 7 beyond the range shown, drawn at the edge

Similar setups' median
+11.1%
All companies' median
−3.3%
Beat the market
54% vs 47%

50 past situations · 50 companies · 30 months · 2020–2025

The closest matches

CompanyWhenP/EROCE12M mom.DrawdownNext 12 months
LEXUS
Producer Manufacturing
Sep 2023 —-8% −62%−62% −24%
NECLIFE
Health Technology
Aug 2025 —0% −64%−74% −18%
SHRENIK
Distribution Services
May 2023 —1% −54%−55% −37%
SVPGLOB
Distribution Services
Jun 2023 —-2% −71%−75% −49%
PALREDTEC
Distribution Services
Nov 2024 —1% −41%−57% −55%
Show the other 3 matches
CompanyWhenP/EROCE12M mom.DrawdownNext 12 months
VINEETLAB
Process Industries
Jul 2025 —-28% −54%−54% +37%
LOYALTEX
Process Industries
Jan 2025 —0% −54%−58% −38%
A2ZINFRA
Industrial Services
Apr 2023 —-21% −52%−56% +54%
How reliable is this?

Matched on P/S, ROCE, operating margin, debt/equity, interest cover, revenue growth, 12-month momentum, drawdown from 12-month high, size and volatility. Closest on: drawdown from 12-month high, interest cover and 12-month momentum. Not used (unavailable for this company): P/E. This company is loss-making, so it was only compared with loss-making companies. One match per company and at most 7 from any one month.

Independent periods: the matches fall in 6 distinct 12-month windows. Matches from nearby months share the same market conditions, so fewer windows means less evidence.

How this is built

This is history, not a forecast. These are past situations where other companies had broadly similar reported numbers and price trends. What happened to them does not tell you what will happen to RKEC PROJECTS LIMITED. The comparison covers only 2020–2025, a single market period, and only companies still listed today. Companies that were delisted or went bankrupt are missing, which makes past outcomes look better than they were. Returns exclude dividends and are measured against an ApnaFunda-built index, not an official benchmark. Fundamentals are matched on a 60-day assumed reporting lag, not actual announcement dates. Its historical skill has not yet been measured. Past patterns may not repeat.

Methodology

How historical analogs are built

Data as of 2026-11-09. Outcome pool: Jan 2020 to Oct 2025.

For every company we look at the situation it is in today (valuation, return on capital, margins, debt, growth, 12-month price momentum, drawdown, size and volatility) and find past company-months that looked most like it. We then show what happened to those past situations over the following 12 months, measured against the ApnaFunda All index and against the base rate. It describes history. It does not predict anything.

What is compared

FeatureWeightNon-financialFinancial
P/E1yesyes
P/S1yes—
P/B1—yes
ROCE1yes—
operating margin1yes—
ROE1—yes
debt/equity0.75yes—
interest cover0.5yes—
revenue growth0.75yesyes
12-month momentum1yesyes
drawdown from 12-month high0.75yesyes
size0.75yesyes
volatility0.5yesyes

Weights were set by judgement before any outcome was looked at and are never tuned on results. Loss-making companies (negative P/E or net profit) are only matched with other loss-making companies. Banks, NBFCs and insurers are compared only with each other and use a different feature set. Every feature is converted, month by month, to its rank among companies in the same pool in that month, so a P/E of 30 in a hot market and a P/E of 22 in a cold one can match if both were equally expensive for their time. Only that month's data is used.

How closeness and the sample are defined

Distance is the weighted root-mean-square gap between the standardised features both companies have. A match needs at least 70% of the query's feature weight, a distance of at most 0.9, and 30 matches at minimum to be shown. We keep up to 50 matches with these exclusions: never the company itself, one match per company (its closest month), and at most 7 from any one calendar month so a single market episode cannot dominate.

Base rate

The base rate is the distribution of 12-month returns, relative to the market, of every eligible company-month in the same pool, with each month weighted to match the months the analogs came from. It answers: how did a random company do in these same months? Because matches from nearby months share the same market conditions, we also report the number of distinct 12-month windows behind a result, and a bootstrap that resamples months decides whether the analog median differs from the base rate at all. "Not meaningfully different" is the usual outcome and the page copy is written for it.

Limits you should know

  • One market period. The outcome pool covers 2020–2025 only (70 months), including the 2020 crash and the 2020–21 rally.
  • Survivorship. Only companies listed today are included. Delisted and bankrupt companies are missing, which flatters past outcomes, particularly for distressed-looking setups.
  • Price return only. Dividends are excluded, and the benchmark is an ApnaFunda market-cap-weighted index of the same listed companies, not an official index.
  • Reporting lag. Fundamentals are matched on an assumed 60-day lag after the quarter end, not on real announcement dates.
  • Pools: non-financial: 98,395 company-months from 2019 companies; financial: 5,659 company-months from 108 companies. 2349 companies currently have a result; the rest are suppressed because too few comparable situations exist.

Does it work? A walk-forward check

The walk-forward check has not been run for this build, so skill is shown as not yet measured.

Disclaimer

This is history, not a forecast. These are past situations where other companies had broadly similar reported numbers and price trends. What happened to them does not tell you what will happen to any company shown. The comparison covers only 2020–2025, a single market period, and only companies still listed today. Companies that were delisted or went bankrupt are missing, which makes past outcomes look better than they were. Returns exclude dividends and are measured against an ApnaFunda-built index, not an official benchmark. Fundamentals are matched on a 60-day assumed reporting lag, not actual announcement dates. Its historical skill has not yet been measured. Past patterns may not repeat.

What changed?

30 events since Jun '21

  1. OctPriceFell 88% from the Jul 2024 peak to the Oct 2026 low.
  2. SepPromoterPromoter holding fell 8.8 pts to 57.7% (largest drop in the history since 2019-01).
  3. SepInstitutionsFII + DII holding rose 4.0 pts over 2 quarters to 4.1%.
  4. JunResultsEPS (TTM) turned negative.
  5. JunPeer rankSlipped to the bottom quartile of Industrial Services on ROCE (from the 3rd quartile).
  6. JunSharesShare count is up 8.3% over 12 months.
  7. DecPromoterPromoter holding rose 2.5 pts to 66.8%.
  8. DecPeer rankSlipped to the bottom quartile of Industrial Services on EPS growth (from the 3rd quartile).
Show 22 earlier events
  1. SepResultsYear-on-year EPS growth turned negative.
  2. SepPeer rankMoved into the 2nd quartile of Industrial Services on operating margin (from the 3rd quartile).
  3. JunPeer rankSlipped to the 3rd quartile of Industrial Services on operating margin (from the 2nd quartile).
  4. JunDebtDebt / equity rose above 1.0x (1.12x).
  5. MarPeer rankSlipped to the 2nd quartile of Industrial Services on EPS growth (from the top quartile).
  6. DecPeer rankMoved into the top quartile of Industrial Services on EPS growth (from the 2nd quartile).
  7. SepPeer rankMoved into the 2nd quartile of Industrial Services on operating margin (from the 3rd quartile).
  8. JunResultsRevenue (TTM) reached a new high of ₹353 cr.
  9. JunPriceRegained the 2021-07 peak, 24 months after the low.
  10. JunPeer rankSlipped to the 3rd quartile of Industrial Services on ROCE (from the 2nd quartile).
  11. MarPromoterPromoter holding fell 2.4 pts to 67.3%.
  12. FebValuationP/E crossed above the 90th percentile of its own history to date (19.2x).
  13. SepPeer rankSlipped to the 2nd quartile of Industrial Services on ROCE (from the top quartile).
  14. JunResultsYear-on-year EPS growth turned positive.
  15. JunPeer rankMoved into the top quartile of Industrial Services on ROCE (from the 2nd quartile).
  16. JunDebtDebt / equity fell below 1.0x (0.78x).
  17. JanValuationP/E crossed above the 90th percentile of its own history to date (22.4x).
  18. JulValuationP/E crossed above the 90th percentile of its own history to date (14.4x).
  19. JunPriceFell 68% from the Jul 2021 peak to the Jun 2022 low.
  20. JunPeer rankSlipped to the 2nd quartile of Industrial Services on ROCE (from the top quartile).
  21. JunDebtDebt / equity rose above 1.0x (1.09x).
  22. JunResultsYear-on-year EPS growth turned negative.

Events are generated from the data by fixed rules.
The month shown is when the change became visible in the reported figures, assuming a 60-day lag after each quarter end; it is not an announcement date.

Where price and fundamentals disagree, market-wide Rewind the whole market to any month

Monthly history93 months · 2019-03 to 2026-11
MonthP/ERevenue (TTM)ROEROCEDebt / Equity
2026-11—₹121 cr-32.8%-6.0%1.4x
2026-10—₹121 cr-32.8%-6.0%1.4x
2026-09—₹121 cr-32.0%-6.0%1.4x
2026-08—₹180 cr-20.1%-6.0%1.4x
2026-07—₹180 cr-20.1%-6.0%1.4x
2026-06—₹180 cr-20.1%-6.0%1.4x
2026-058.3x₹281 cr5.3%14.0%1.1x
2026-049.1x₹281 cr5.3%14.0%1.1x
2026-036.8x₹281 cr5.3%14.0%1.1x
2026-026.5x₹367 cr8.5%14.0%1.1x
2026-016.7x₹367 cr8.5%14.0%1.1x
2025-128.1x₹367 cr8.5%14.0%1.1x
2025-117.6x₹413 cr9.5%14.0%1.1x
2025-108.9x₹413 cr9.5%14.0%1.1x
2025-099.7x₹413 cr9.5%14.0%1.1x
2025-087.8x₹422 cr10.6%14.0%1.1x
2025-078.1x₹422 cr10.6%14.0%1.1x
2025-069.6x₹422 cr10.6%14.0%1.1x
2025-058.0x₹432 cr13.6%15.0%0.9x
2025-047.5x₹432 cr13.6%15.0%0.9x
2025-036.7x₹432 cr13.6%15.0%0.9x
2025-026.3x₹419 cr15.4%15.0%0.9x
2025-018.0x₹419 cr15.4%15.0%0.9x
2024-128.7x₹419 cr15.4%15.0%0.9x
2024-1110.8x₹399 cr13.6%15.0%0.9x
2024-1012.7x₹399 cr13.6%15.0%0.9x
2024-0913.4x₹399 cr13.6%15.0%0.9x
2024-0814.4x₹353 cr12.4%15.0%0.9x
2024-0714.6x₹353 cr12.4%15.0%0.9x
2024-0614.2x₹353 cr12.4%15.0%0.9x
2024-0516.5x₹300 cr8.1%19.0%0.8x
2024-0417.7x₹300 cr8.1%19.0%0.8x
2024-0320.2x₹300 cr8.1%19.0%0.8x
2024-0219.2x₹300 cr8.1%19.0%0.8x
2024-0116.6x₹300 cr8.1%19.0%0.8x
2023-1214.1x₹300 cr8.1%19.0%0.8x
2023-1114.3x₹300 cr8.1%19.0%0.8x
2023-1014.1x₹300 cr8.1%19.0%0.8x
2023-0911.8x₹300 cr8.1%19.0%0.8x
2023-0814.4x₹300 cr8.1%19.0%0.8x
2023-0711.6x₹300 cr8.1%19.0%0.8x
2023-0612.0x₹300 cr8.1%19.0%0.8x
2023-0519.0x₹211 cr5.1%9.0%1.1x
2023-0424.8x₹211 cr5.1%9.0%1.1x
2023-0316.7x₹211 cr5.1%9.0%1.1x
2023-0219.9x₹211 cr5.1%9.0%1.1x
2023-0122.4x₹211 cr5.1%9.0%1.1x
2022-1214.8x₹211 cr5.1%9.0%1.1x
2022-1116.6x₹211 cr5.1%9.0%1.1x
2022-1015.7x₹211 cr5.1%9.0%1.1x
2022-0916.0x₹211 cr5.1%9.0%1.1x
2022-0815.1x₹211 cr5.1%9.0%1.1x
2022-0714.4x₹211 cr5.1%9.0%1.1x
2022-0612.6x₹211 cr5.1%9.0%1.1x
2022-058.7x₹208 cr10.0%15.0%0.9x
2022-049.0x₹208 cr10.0%15.0%0.9x
2022-039.1x₹208 cr10.0%15.0%0.9x
2022-029.9x₹208 cr10.0%15.0%0.9x
2022-0111.7x₹208 cr10.0%15.0%0.9x
2021-1212.8x₹208 cr10.0%15.0%0.9x
2021-1112.1x₹208 cr10.0%15.0%0.9x
2021-1013.6x₹208 cr10.0%15.0%0.9x
2021-0914.2x₹208 cr10.0%15.0%0.9x
2021-0816.2x₹208 cr10.0%15.0%0.9x
2021-0717.7x₹208 cr10.0%15.0%0.9x
2021-0617.1x₹208 cr10.0%15.0%0.9x
2021-056.3x₹304 cr24.8%39.0%0.6x
2021-045.0x₹304 cr24.8%39.0%0.6x
2021-035.0x₹304 cr24.8%39.0%0.6x
2021-025.2x₹304 cr24.8%39.0%0.6x
2021-013.8x₹304 cr24.8%39.0%0.6x
2020-124.0x₹304 cr24.8%39.0%0.6x
2020-112.9x₹304 cr24.8%39.0%0.6x
2020-103.2x₹304 cr24.8%39.0%0.6x
2020-093.0x₹304 cr24.8%39.0%0.6x
2020-083.0x₹304 cr24.8%39.0%0.6x
2020-073.2x₹304 cr24.8%39.0%0.6x
2020-063.4x₹304 cr24.8%39.0%0.6x
2020-053.5x₹226 cr23.4%33.0%0.5x
2020-044.2x₹226 cr23.4%33.0%0.5x
2020-033.7x₹226 cr23.4%33.0%0.5x
2020-025.1x₹226 cr23.4%33.0%0.5x
2020-016.4x₹226 cr23.4%33.0%0.5x
2019-126.8x₹226 cr23.4%33.0%0.5x
2019-115.9x₹226 cr23.4%33.0%0.5x
2019-104.6x₹226 cr23.4%33.0%0.5x
2019-095.0x₹226 cr23.4%33.0%0.5x
2019-085.1x₹226 cr23.4%33.0%0.5x
2019-074.9x₹226 cr23.4%33.0%0.5x
2019-065.9x₹226 cr23.4%33.0%0.5x
2019-057.6x₹240 cr26.7%58.0%0.2x
2019-047.3x₹240 cr26.7%58.0%0.2x
2019-036.7x₹240 cr26.7%58.0%0.2x

Methodology and data notes

Methodology

Methodology and data notes

All figures come from public exchange prices and screener.in financial statements. Quarterly and annual results are shown from 60 days after the period end, so a month never uses a result before it would plausibly have been published. Statements are the latest versions, which may include later restatements.

Sector medians, percentiles and indices use today's listed companies in the sector (survivorship bias). Prices are adjusted for splits and bonus issues; around a corporate action the fundamentals may lag the price by up to a month, and affected sections are hidden.

The return decomposition uses price = P/E × net profit ÷ share count. The reverse DCF uses a fixed 12% cost of equity, a 10-year horizon and a 15x terminal P/E, and is an illustration only. Events, flags and twins follow fixed rules and thresholds described next to each section.

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