अApnaFunda

SADBHAV ENGINEERING LIMITED (SADBHAV)

Industrial Services · Engineering & Construction · figures to Nov '26

Quality scoreHow the business itself ranks against its sector peers on profitability, 3-year growth and leverage. 50 is the middle of the sector.38 / 100
Profitability 69Growth 7

Passes these screensValue Pick

Share price

Closing priceAdjusted for splits and bonus issues.

₹7.27 latest close · −18.9% over the last 90 sessions

₹6₹8₹10Jul 3Jul 29Aug 24Sep 17Oct 14Nov 9 ₹6₹8₹10Jul 3Sep 4Nov 9

₹7.27 month-end · −36.6% over 12 months

₹6₹8₹10Nov '25Jan '26Apr '26Jun '26Sep '26Nov '26 ₹6₹8₹10Nov '25May '26Nov '26

₹7.27 month-end · −66.7% over 3 years

₹10₹20₹30Nov '23Jun '24Jan '25Sep '25Apr '26Nov '26 ₹10₹20₹30Nov '23May '25Nov '26

₹7.27 month-end · −96.3% since Jan '19

₹0₹100₹200Jan '19Aug '20Mar '22Sep '23Apr '25Nov '26 ₹0₹100₹200Jan '19Dec '22Nov '26

52-week range ₹5.90 to ₹14.70 · 1-year volatility 57.2%

How rough has the ride been?

Maximum drawdown-97.7%not yet recovered
1-year volatility57.2%annualised

Drawdown from peak

0%−50%−100%2020202120222023202420252026−97.7% 0%−50%−100%2020202220242026−97.7%
Largest drawdowns

-97.7% (2019-05 peak to 2026-02 low, not yet recovered)

-27.6% (2019-01 peak to 2019-02 low, recovered 2019-03)

-18.0% (2019-03 peak to 2019-05 low, recovered 2019-05)

Is it expensive against its own past and its peers?

4.2xP/E todayWithin its usual range
Against its own history46th percentile
CheapestMedian 5.6xDearest

Usual range 1.1x to 112.3x since 2019-01.

Against Industrial Services4.2x vs 14.0x
This company
4.2x
Sector median
14.0x

70% below the Industrial Services median.

1.0x67.4x133.7x200.1xJan '19Aug '20Mar '22Oct '23May '25Nov '261.0x67.4x133.7x200.1xJan '19Sep '21May '24Nov '26
P/E (this company)10th to 90th percentile of its own historyIts medianIndustrial Services median

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P/B (this company)10th to 90th percentile of its own historyIts medianIndustrial Services median

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P/S (this company)10th to 90th percentile of its own historyIts medianIndustrial Services median
How to read this

Shaded band: 10th to 90th percentile of the company's own P/E history; dotted line: its median; orange line: sector median (companies with a positive multiple, at least 5 in the sector).

Sector figures are built from today's listed companies, so they exclude companies that are no longer listed.

All terms explained in the glossary →

How Industrial Services is valued

Where does it rank among Industrial Services peers?

Each cell is the company's percentile rank among its Industrial Services peers (non-financial companies) that month.
Darker is better-ranked.
Rows marked ↓ are inverted (lower debt, shorter cash cycle and a lower P/E rank higher).

Where it ranks today

  • ROCE37th▲ 13 pts vs a year ago
  • Op. margin100th▲ 3 pts vs a year ago
  • Revenue growth25th▲ 21 pts vs a year ago
  • EPS growth18th
  • Debt/equity ↓1st▼ 5 pts vs a year ago
  • Cash cycle ↓46th▼ 19 pts vs a year ago
  • P/E ↓97th
  • 12M momentum30th▲ 24 pts vs a year ago

Rank history

ROCE
Op. margin
Revenue growth
EPS growth
Debt/equity ↓
Cash cycle ↓
P/E ↓
12M momentum
Dec '21Jul '22Jan '23Jul '23Jan '24Jul '24Jan '25Jul '25Jan '26Jul '26Nov '26
Lower rank Higher rank Not enough data

Percentiles use today's listed companies in the sector and need at least 5 peers with a value; grey cells have too few.
ROE is computed from net profit and book value where the source does not report it.

The Industrial Services sector page Watch it move against Industrial Services in the Observatory

What is the price implying?

~-1%annual earnings growth implied by the price

At a P/E of 4.2x, the price would imply about −1.4%/yr earnings growth for 10 years under the same assumptions, but it is not ranked.

Fewer than six years of annual earnings are available, which is too little to measure delivered growth.

“Implied growth” is what the current price would require under our stated assumptions, not what we expect.

What prices imply across Industrial Services The market-wide Expectations lists

Key figures

Share Priceclose 9 Nov
₹7.27
P/E
4.2x
ROCE
13.0%
Market Cap
₹125 cr
Revenue (TTM)
₹955 cr
P/S
0.1x
Operating Margin
75.0%
Promoter Holding
25.5%
12M Momentum
-36.6%

52-week range

₹5.90₹14.70
16% of the way from its 52-week low to its high

Price risk

1Y volatility
57.2%
Beta vs sector
1-year daily
0.89

Balance sheet & cash

Interest cover
operating profit ÷ interest
1.5x
Cash from profit, 3Y
operating cash flow ÷ net profit
-2.00x
low
Share count, 1Y
unchanged

Are profits backed by cash?

3 of 5checks within range2 beyond a threshold
Other income reliance95%Beyond threshold

Other income as a share of pre-tax profit (trailing twelve months): 95.4%. Bands: below 15%, 15% to 35%, above 35%.

Tax rate24%Within range

Median quarterly effective tax rate over about 2.5 years: 23.5%. Bands: 15% to 35%, 5% to 15% or 35% to 50%, outside 5% to 50%.

Cash conversion—Not enough data

Not enough reported data to compute this.

Free cash flow5 of 5 yrsWithin range

Fiscal years with positive free cash flow in the last 5: 5. Bands: at least 80% of years, 40% to 80%, below 40%.

Receivable days vs history+53 daysBeyond threshold

Debtor days are above the median of the previous three fiscal years by 53 days (105 vs 52). Bands: under 15 days, 15 to 45, over 45.

Capital work in progress0% of fixed assetsWithin range

Capital work-in-progress is 0% of fixed assets. Bands: not rising or up to 30%; rising for three years and above 30%; rising and above 60%.

Payable days—Not enough data

Not enough reported data to compute this.

Tap a check to see how it is measured

How to read this

Each check is a named rule with fixed thresholds, not a score. Annual statements are the latest restated figures, so a past year may differ from what was originally reported.

All terms explained in the glossary →

Who has been buying and selling?

  • Over 3 years, promoters trimmed 12.2 pts; DIIs trimmed 10.8 pts.

Holdings, Jun '26

How each group changed

GroupSep '23Jun '26Change
Promoters37.7%25.5%-12.2 pts
FIIs0.1%0.2%+0.1 pts
DIIs10.8%0.0%-10.8 pts
Public and others51.4%74.3%+22.9 pts

Number of shareholders

63,739shareholders-4% since Sep '23
61k63k65k67k Sep '23Jun '24Mar '25Dec '25Jun '26
Sep '23: 66,609
Dec '23: 61,442
Mar '24: 64,398
Jun '24: 64,283
Sep '24: 65,371
Dec '24: 66,939
Mar '25: 67,391
Jun '25: 66,304
Sep '25: 66,694
Dec '25: 65,987
Mar '26: 64,857
Jun '26: 63,739
61k63k65k67k Sep '23Sep '24Sep '25Jun '26
Sep '23: 66,609
Dec '23: 61,442
Mar '24: 64,398
Jun '24: 64,283
Sep '24: 65,371
Dec '24: 66,939
Mar '25: 67,391
Jun '25: 66,304
Sep '25: 66,694
Dec '25: 65,987
Mar '26: 64,857
Jun '26: 63,739

Quarterly shareholding as reported, labelled by the quarter it covers (it becomes visible about two months later).
Shareholder counts are only available for recent quarters.

This quarter's smart-money board

What happened next to similar setups

+12.3%typical 12-month return vs the marketAbove the base rate
  • We found 50 past situations where a non-financial company looked like SADBHAV ENGINEERING LIMITED today on valuation, return on capital, margins, debt, growth, price momentum, size and volatility.
  • Over the following 12 months the middle half of them returned −23% to +71% vs the market, against 0% for all non-financial companies in the same months.
  • The analogs' median sat above that base rate (gap +12.4%, 80% range +2.0% to +24.2%), but the matches cluster in only 6 distinct 12-month windows.

Where the 50 outcomes landed

−100%−50%0%+50%+100%
JALAN · Jan 2023: −59.7% vs market
ELECTHERM · Jul 2021: −49.1% vs market
SIMPLEXINF · Feb 2020: −48.9% vs market
SHANTI · Mar 2023: −46.7% vs market
RAJSREESUG · Jan 2025: −46.4% vs market
BHARATGEAR · Sep 2023: −40.5% vs market
RANASUG · Nov 2023: −37.0% vs market
PATINTLOG · Mar 2025: −36.5% vs market
SADBHIN · Sep 2025: −34.0% vs market
DANGEE · Oct 2025: −31.1% vs market
AURUS · Jan 2020: −29.8% vs market
MAHESHWARI · Jan 2024: −24.1% vs market
NAHARINDUS · Mar 2024: −24.0% vs market
SALONA · Sep 2023: −20.7% vs market
IVP · Apr 2024: −7.4% vs market
UMA · Jun 2024: −4.2% vs market
SURYALAXMI · Apr 2023: −3.0% vs market
RAMAPHO · Feb 2024: −2.4% vs market
INDIAGLYCO · Jun 2023: −1.3% vs market
RPPINFRA · Mar 2022: +1.2% vs market
MHHL · Jul 2024: +2.0% vs market
NRAIL · Feb 2022: +4.3% vs market
SPMLINFRA · Jul 2020: +4.5% vs market
SHIVAMILLS · Feb 2020: +7.1% vs market
DEEM · Oct 2025: +7.6% vs market
AUSOMENT · Nov 2021: +17.0% vs market
GOKUL · Mar 2024: +19.4% vs market
SARVESHWAR · Mar 2020: +19.7% vs market
JAYAGROGN · Feb 2020: +23.5% vs market
AVADHSUGAR · May 2020: +26.7% vs market
MAWANASUG · May 2020: +28.7% vs market
HISARMETAL · Jan 2022: +34.9% vs market
GPTINFRA · Mar 2020: +41.4% vs market
KOTHARIPRO · Apr 2021: +48.3% vs market
BIL · Jul 2023: +53.0% vs market
NDL · Dec 2023: +54.2% vs market
MANINDS · Jun 2022: +70.6% vs market
PENIND · Mar 2021: +71.6% vs market
GOODLUCK · Jun 2020: +76.9% vs market
UMAEXPORTS · Aug 2023: +87.9% vs market
BANSWRAS · Apr 2021: +106.2% vs market
CELEBRITY · Jul 2020: +107.4% vs market
LAGNAM · Jun 2023: +107.4% vs market
AMDIND · May 2021: +120.1% vs market
CHENNPETRO · Jul 2021: +124.7% vs market
KAMATHOTEL · Apr 2021: +137.5% vs market
INDSWFTLAB · Jan 2020: +150.5% vs market
MANAKCOAT · Jul 2023: +156.4% vs market
NAHARSPING · May 2020: +163.5% vs market
HITECH · Sep 2020: +202.7% vs market
Similar setups +12.3%All companies −0.1%← worse than the marketbetter than the market →

Each dot is one past situation (hover or tap for details) · Solid dots are the closest matches, listed below · Shaded is the middle half of all companies in the same months · 10 beyond the range shown, drawn at the edge

Similar setups' median
+12.3%
All companies' median
−0.1%
Beat the market
62% vs 50%

50 past situations · 50 companies · 35 months · 2020–2025

The closest matches

CompanyWhenP/EROCE12M mom.DrawdownNext 12 months
ELECTHERM
Non-Energy Minerals
Jul 2021 4x9% +52%−24% −49%
SADBHIN
Industrial Services
Sep 2025 —14% −44%−51% −34%
RAJSREESUG
Process Industries
Jan 2025 6x11% −35%−45% −46%
SURYALAXMI
Process Industries
Apr 2023 3x14% −35%−36% −3%
SPMLINFRA
Industrial Services
Jul 2020 4x9% −41%−50% +5%
Show the other 3 matches
CompanyWhenP/EROCE12M mom.DrawdownNext 12 months
NDL
Process Industries
Dec 2023 —5% +4%−17% +54%
GOODLUCK
Non-Energy Minerals
Jun 2020 3x13% −40%−41% +77%
MAWANASUG
Process Industries
May 2020 2x17% −56%−62% +29%
How reliable is this?

Matched on P/E, P/S, ROCE, operating margin, interest cover, revenue growth, 12-month momentum, drawdown from 12-month high, size and volatility. Closest on: 12-month momentum, drawdown from 12-month high and ROCE. Not used (unavailable for this company): debt/equity. One match per company and at most 7 from any one month.

Independent periods: the matches fall in 6 distinct 12-month windows. Matches from nearby months share the same market conditions, so fewer windows means less evidence.

How this is built

This is history, not a forecast. These are past situations where other companies had broadly similar reported numbers and price trends. What happened to them does not tell you what will happen to SADBHAV ENGINEERING LIMITED. The comparison covers only 2020–2025, a single market period, and only companies still listed today. Companies that were delisted or went bankrupt are missing, which makes past outcomes look better than they were. Returns exclude dividends and are measured against an ApnaFunda-built index, not an official benchmark. Fundamentals are matched on a 60-day assumed reporting lag, not actual announcement dates. Its historical skill has not yet been measured. Past patterns may not repeat.

Methodology

How historical analogs are built

Data as of 2026-11-09. Outcome pool: Jan 2020 to Oct 2025.

For every company we look at the situation it is in today (valuation, return on capital, margins, debt, growth, 12-month price momentum, drawdown, size and volatility) and find past company-months that looked most like it. We then show what happened to those past situations over the following 12 months, measured against the ApnaFunda All index and against the base rate. It describes history. It does not predict anything.

What is compared

FeatureWeightNon-financialFinancial
P/E1yesyes
P/S1yes—
P/B1—yes
ROCE1yes—
operating margin1yes—
ROE1—yes
debt/equity0.75yes—
interest cover0.5yes—
revenue growth0.75yesyes
12-month momentum1yesyes
drawdown from 12-month high0.75yesyes
size0.75yesyes
volatility0.5yesyes

Weights were set by judgement before any outcome was looked at and are never tuned on results. Loss-making companies (negative P/E or net profit) are only matched with other loss-making companies. Banks, NBFCs and insurers are compared only with each other and use a different feature set. Every feature is converted, month by month, to its rank among companies in the same pool in that month, so a P/E of 30 in a hot market and a P/E of 22 in a cold one can match if both were equally expensive for their time. Only that month's data is used.

How closeness and the sample are defined

Distance is the weighted root-mean-square gap between the standardised features both companies have. A match needs at least 70% of the query's feature weight, a distance of at most 0.9, and 30 matches at minimum to be shown. We keep up to 50 matches with these exclusions: never the company itself, one match per company (its closest month), and at most 7 from any one calendar month so a single market episode cannot dominate.

Base rate

The base rate is the distribution of 12-month returns, relative to the market, of every eligible company-month in the same pool, with each month weighted to match the months the analogs came from. It answers: how did a random company do in these same months? Because matches from nearby months share the same market conditions, we also report the number of distinct 12-month windows behind a result, and a bootstrap that resamples months decides whether the analog median differs from the base rate at all. "Not meaningfully different" is the usual outcome and the page copy is written for it.

Limits you should know

  • One market period. The outcome pool covers 2020–2025 only (70 months), including the 2020 crash and the 2020–21 rally.
  • Survivorship. Only companies listed today are included. Delisted and bankrupt companies are missing, which flatters past outcomes, particularly for distressed-looking setups.
  • Price return only. Dividends are excluded, and the benchmark is an ApnaFunda market-cap-weighted index of the same listed companies, not an official index.
  • Reporting lag. Fundamentals are matched on an assumed 60-day lag after the quarter end, not on real announcement dates.
  • Pools: non-financial: 98,395 company-months from 2019 companies; financial: 5,659 company-months from 108 companies. 2349 companies currently have a result; the rest are suppressed because too few comparable situations exist.

Does it work? A walk-forward check

The walk-forward check has not been run for this build, so skill is shown as not yet measured.

Disclaimer

This is history, not a forecast. These are past situations where other companies had broadly similar reported numbers and price trends. What happened to them does not tell you what will happen to any company shown. The comparison covers only 2020–2025, a single market period, and only companies still listed today. Companies that were delisted or went bankrupt are missing, which makes past outcomes look better than they were. Returns exclude dividends and are measured against an ApnaFunda-built index, not an official benchmark. Fundamentals are matched on a 60-day assumed reporting lag, not actual announcement dates. Its historical skill has not yet been measured. Past patterns may not repeat.

What changed?

20 events since Feb '19

  1. JunResultsEPS (TTM) turned positive.
  2. JunPeer rankMoved into the 3rd quartile of Industrial Services on ROCE (from the bottom quartile).
  3. FebPriceFell 98% from the May 2019 peak to the Feb 2026 low.
  4. DecPromoterPromoter holding fell 10.7 pts to 25.5%.
  5. SepPeer rankSlipped to the bottom quartile of Industrial Services on ROCE (from the 3rd quartile).
  6. JunPeer rankMoved into the 3rd quartile of Industrial Services on ROCE (from the bottom quartile).
  7. DecInstitutionsFII + DII holding fell 3.9 pts over 1 quarter to 5.4%.
  8. SepPeer rankMoved into the top quartile of Industrial Services on operating margin (from the bottom quartile).
Show 12 earlier events
  1. DecPeer rankSlipped to the bottom quartile of Industrial Services on ROCE (from the 3rd quartile).
  2. OctPeer rankMoved into the 3rd quartile of Industrial Services on ROCE (from the bottom quartile).
  3. JunPeer rankSlipped to the bottom quartile of Industrial Services on ROCE (from the 3rd quartile).
  4. AugPeer rankSlipped to the bottom quartile of Industrial Services on EPS growth (from the top quartile).
  5. JunResultsEPS (TTM) turned negative.
  6. JanDebtDebt / equity halved over 12 months to 4.23x.
  7. JunDebtDebt / equity halved over 12 months to 4.23x.
  8. JunDividendDividend payout cut from 81% to 0% of profit.
  9. JunResultsEPS (TTM) turned positive.
  10. JunDividendStarted paying a dividend (payout 81% of profit).
  11. MarPriceRegained the 2019-01 peak, 1 month after the low.
  12. FebPriceFell 28% from the Jan 2019 peak to the Feb 2019 low.

Events are generated from the data by fixed rules.
The month shown is when the change became visible in the reported figures, assuming a 60-day lag after each quarter end; it is not an announcement date.

Where price and fundamentals disagree, market-wide Rewind the whole market to any month

Monthly history95 months · 2019-01 to 2026-11
MonthP/ERevenue (TTM)ROEROCEDebt / Equity
2026-114.2x₹955 cr—13.0%—
2026-103.7x₹955 cr—13.0%—
2026-094.1x₹955 cr—13.0%—
2026-085.5x₹973 cr—13.0%—
2026-075.9x₹973 cr—13.0%—
2026-065.7x₹973 cr—13.0%—
2026-05—₹992 cr—10.0%—
2026-04—₹992 cr—10.0%—
2026-03—₹992 cr—10.0%—
2026-02—₹1002 cr—10.0%—
2026-01—₹1002 cr—10.0%—
2025-12—₹1002 cr—10.0%—
2025-11—₹958 cr—10.0%—
2025-10—₹958 cr—10.0%—
2025-09—₹958 cr—10.0%—
2025-08—₹1037 cr—10.0%—
2025-07—₹1037 cr—10.0%—
2025-06—₹1037 cr—10.0%—
2025-05—₹1220 cr—2.0%—
2025-04—₹1220 cr—2.0%—
2025-03—₹1220 cr—2.0%—
2025-02—₹1281 cr—2.0%—
2025-01—₹1281 cr—2.0%—
2024-12—₹1281 cr—2.0%—
2024-11—₹1513 cr—2.0%—
2024-10—₹1513 cr—2.0%—
2024-09—₹1513 cr—2.0%—
2024-08—₹1923 cr—2.0%—
2024-07—₹1923 cr—2.0%—
2024-06—₹1923 cr—2.0%—
2024-05—₹1777 cr-109.8%5.0%29.4x
2024-04—₹1777 cr-109.8%5.0%29.4x
2024-03—₹1777 cr-109.8%5.0%29.4x
2024-02—₹1777 cr-109.8%5.0%29.4x
2024-01—₹1777 cr-109.8%5.0%29.4x
2023-12—₹1777 cr-109.8%5.0%29.4x
2023-11—₹1777 cr-109.8%5.0%29.4x
2023-10—₹1777 cr-109.8%5.0%29.4x
2023-09—₹1777 cr-109.8%5.0%29.4x
2023-08—₹1777 cr-109.8%5.0%29.4x
2023-07—₹1777 cr-109.8%5.0%29.4x
2023-06—₹1777 cr-109.8%5.0%29.4x
2023-05—₹1908 cr-25.0%5.0%7.7x
2023-04—₹1908 cr-25.0%5.0%7.7x
2023-03—₹1908 cr-25.0%5.0%7.7x
2023-02—₹1908 cr-25.0%5.0%7.7x
2023-01—₹1908 cr-25.0%5.0%7.7x
2022-12—₹1908 cr-25.0%5.0%7.7x
2022-11—₹1908 cr-25.0%5.0%7.7x
2022-10—₹1908 cr-25.0%5.0%7.7x
2022-09—₹1908 cr-25.0%5.0%7.7x
2022-08—₹1908 cr-25.0%5.0%7.7x
2022-07—₹1908 cr-25.0%5.0%7.7x
2022-06—₹1908 cr-25.0%5.0%7.7x
2022-05—₹2243 cr-4.5%8.0%4.9x
2022-04—₹2243 cr-4.5%8.0%4.9x
2022-03—₹2243 cr-4.5%8.0%4.9x
2022-02—₹2243 cr-4.5%8.0%4.9x
2022-01—₹2243 cr-4.5%8.0%4.9x
2021-12—₹2243 cr-4.5%8.0%4.9x
2021-11—₹2243 cr-4.5%8.0%4.9x
2021-10—₹2243 cr-4.5%8.0%4.9x
2021-09—₹2243 cr-4.5%8.0%4.9x
2021-08—₹2243 cr-4.5%8.0%4.9x
2021-07—₹2243 cr-4.5%8.0%4.9x
2021-06—₹2243 cr-4.5%8.0%4.9x
2021-051.5x₹3487 cr19.0%11.0%4.2x
2021-041.3x₹3487 cr19.0%11.0%4.2x
2021-031.3x₹3487 cr19.0%11.0%4.2x
2021-021.6x₹3487 cr19.0%11.0%4.2x
2021-011.3x₹3487 cr19.0%11.0%4.2x
2020-121.4x₹3487 cr19.0%11.0%4.2x
2020-111.1x₹3487 cr19.0%11.0%4.2x
2020-101.0x₹3487 cr19.0%11.0%4.2x
2020-091.0x₹3487 cr19.0%11.0%4.2x
2020-081.2x₹3487 cr19.0%11.0%4.2x
2020-07—₹3487 cr19.0%11.0%4.2x
2020-06—₹3487 cr19.0%11.0%4.2x
2020-0532.2x₹5240 cr2.5%12.0%13.3x
2020-0438.0x₹5240 cr2.5%12.0%13.3x
2020-0322.0x₹5240 cr2.5%12.0%13.3x
2020-0257.3x₹5240 cr2.5%12.0%13.3x
2020-01105.4x₹5240 cr2.5%12.0%13.3x
2019-1287.5x₹5240 cr2.5%12.0%13.3x
2019-11104.7x₹5240 cr2.5%12.0%13.3x
2019-10111.4x₹5240 cr2.5%12.0%13.3x
2019-09115.2x₹5240 cr2.5%12.0%13.3x
2019-08110.8x₹5240 cr2.5%12.0%13.3x
2019-07114.2x₹5240 cr2.5%12.0%13.3x
2019-06200.1x₹5240 cr2.5%12.0%13.3x
2019-05—₹4975 cr-3.5%11.0%11.3x
2019-04—₹4975 cr-3.5%11.0%11.3x
2019-03—₹4975 cr-3.5%11.0%11.3x
2019-02—₹4975 cr-3.5%11.0%11.3x
2019-01—₹4975 cr-3.5%11.0%11.3x

Methodology and data notes

Methodology

Methodology and data notes

All figures come from public exchange prices and screener.in financial statements. Quarterly and annual results are shown from 60 days after the period end, so a month never uses a result before it would plausibly have been published. Statements are the latest versions, which may include later restatements.

Sector medians, percentiles and indices use today's listed companies in the sector (survivorship bias). Prices are adjusted for splits and bonus issues; around a corporate action the fundamentals may lag the price by up to a month, and affected sections are hidden.

The return decomposition uses price = P/E × net profit ÷ share count. The reverse DCF uses a fixed 12% cost of equity, a 10-year horizon and a 15x terminal P/E, and is an illustration only. Events, flags and twins follow fixed rules and thresholds described next to each section.

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