अApnaFunda

ASHOKA METCAST LTD (ASHOKAMET)

Producer Manufacturing · Metal Fabrication · figures to Nov '26

Quality scoreHow the business itself ranks against its sector peers on profitability, 3-year growth and leverage. 50 is the middle of the sector.34 / 100
Profitability 14Growth 47Balance sheet 41

Passes these screensValue Pick

Share price

Closing priceAdjusted for splits and bonus issues.

₹14.28 latest close · −5.9% over the last 90 sessions

₹14₹16Jul 3Jul 29Aug 24Sep 17Oct 14Nov 9 ₹14₹16Jul 3Sep 4Nov 9

₹14.28 month-end · −9.4% over 12 months

₹12₹14₹16Nov '25Jan '26Apr '26Jun '26Sep '26Nov '26 ₹12₹14₹16Nov '25May '26Nov '26

₹14.28 month-end · −29.7% over 3 years

₹20₹30Nov '23Jun '24Jan '25Sep '25Apr '26Nov '26 ₹20₹30Nov '23May '25Nov '26

₹14.28 month-end · −15.3% since Jun '23

₹20₹30Jun '23Feb '24Oct '24Jul '25Mar '26Nov '26 ₹20₹30Jun '23Mar '25Nov '26

52-week range ₹12.13 to ₹19.40 · 1-year volatility 40.8%

Was the rally earned?

-9%share price, 1 yearLower P/E held it back

Earnings helped, the multiple did not.

  • Per-share earnings added 59 points, but investors now pay less per rupee of profit (P/E 5.7x to 2.8x), which took 68 points back.
  • The share count barely moved.
Net profit growth: +59 pts. Points of the price return explained by net profit growing (or shrinking).+59 ptsNet profit growthP/E change: −68 pts. Points of the price return explained by the market paying a higher or lower P/E multiple.−68 ptsP/E changeShare count change: 0 pts. Points of the price return explained by the share count changing. More shares count against the price.0 ptsShare count changeShare price: −9%−9%Share priceNet profit growth: +59 pts. Points of the price return explained by net profit growing (or shrinking).+59ProfitP/E change: −68 pts. Points of the price return explained by the market paying a higher or lower P/E multiple.−68P/EShare count change: 0 pts. Points of the price return explained by the share count changing. More shares count against the price.0SharesShare price: −9%−9%Share price
Net profit growth+59 ptsNet profit rose about 86%, which lifts the price.
P/E change-68 ptsThe P/E fell from 5.7x to 2.8x, which lowers the price.
Share count change0 ptsShare count was little changed. More shares would count against the price.
-30%share price, 3 yearsLower P/E held it back

Earnings helped, the multiple did not.

  • Per-share earnings added 117 points, but investors now pay less per rupee of profit (P/E 15.7x to 2.8x), which took 146 points back.
  • The share count barely moved.
Net profit growth: +117 pts. Points of the price return explained by net profit growing (or shrinking).+117 ptsNet profit growthP/E change: −146 pts. Points of the price return explained by the market paying a higher or lower P/E multiple.−146 ptsP/E changeShare price: −30%−30%Share priceNet profit growth: +117 pts. Points of the price return explained by net profit growing (or shrinking).+117ProfitP/E change: −146 pts. Points of the price return explained by the market paying a higher or lower P/E multiple.−146P/EShare price: −30%−30%Share price
Net profit growth+117 ptsNet profit rose about 300%, which lifts the price.
P/E change-146 ptsThe P/E fell from 15.7x to 2.8x, which lowers the price.
Share count change0 ptsShare count was little changed. More shares would count against the price.
What do "pts" mean?

"pts" are percentage points of the share price return. The parts add up to the total shown for each period. Because price = P/E × net profit ÷ share count, higher profit pushes the price up, a higher P/E pushes it up, and more shares push it down.

Example: if the price rose 34% and profit growth accounts for +58 pts while a lower P/E accounts for -24 pts, then 58 - 24 = 34. The +58 is not the profit growth rate itself: it is the part of the price move that profit growth explains.

Not shown for 5 years: earnings were negative at one end, or there is not enough history.

Net profit is trailing twelve months as reported with a 60-day lag.

Compare this with BHARAT FORGE

How rough has the ride been?

Maximum drawdown-64.6%not yet recovered
1-year volatility40.8%annualised

Drawdown from peak

0%−20%−40%−60%202420252026−62.4% 0%−20%−40%−60%202420252026−62.4%
Largest drawdowns

-64.6% (2023-12 peak to 2026-03 low, not yet recovered)

-33.6% (2023-07 peak to 2023-09 low, recovered 2023-12)

Is it expensive against its own past and its peers?

2.8xP/E todayNear its historic low
Against its own history5th percentile
CheapestMedian 6.1xDearest

Usual range 3.3x to 15.9x since 2023-06.

Against Producer Manufacturing2.8x vs 29.6x
This company
2.8x
Sector median
29.6x

91% below the Producer Manufacturing median.

2.7x16.5x30.3x44.0xJun '23Mar '24Dec '24Sep '25Jun '26Nov '262.7x16.5x30.3x44.0xJun '23Aug '24Oct '25Nov '26
P/E (this company)10th to 90th percentile of its own historyIts medianProducer Manufacturing median

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P/B (this company)10th to 90th percentile of its own historyIts medianProducer Manufacturing median

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P/S (this company)10th to 90th percentile of its own historyIts medianProducer Manufacturing median
How to read this

Shaded band: 10th to 90th percentile of the company's own P/E history; dotted line: its median; orange line: sector median (companies with a positive multiple, at least 5 in the sector).

Sector figures are built from today's listed companies, so they exclude companies that are no longer listed.

All terms explained in the glossary →

How Producer Manufacturing is valued

Where does it rank among Producer Manufacturing peers?

Each cell is the company's percentile rank among its Producer Manufacturing peers (non-financial companies) that month.
Darker is better-ranked.
Rows marked ↓ are inverted (lower debt, shorter cash cycle and a lower P/E rank higher).

Where it ranks today

  • ROCE24th▲ 14 pts vs a year ago
  • Op. margin3rd▼ 34 pts vs a year ago
  • Revenue growth4th▲ 3 pts vs a year ago
  • EPS growth89th▲ 18 pts vs a year ago
  • Debt/equity ↓32nd▼ 31 pts vs a year ago
  • Cash cycle ↓1stflat vs a year ago
  • P/E ↓100thflat vs a year ago
  • 12M momentum46th▲ 25 pts vs a year ago

Rank history

ROCE
Op. margin
Revenue growth
EPS growth
Debt/equity ↓
Cash cycle ↓
P/E ↓
12M momentum
Dec '21Jul '22Jan '23Jul '23Jan '24Jul '24Jan '25Jul '25Jan '26Jul '26Nov '26
Lower rank Higher rank Not enough data

Percentiles use today's listed companies in the sector and need at least 5 peers with a value; grey cells have too few.
ROE is computed from net profit and book value where the source does not report it.

The Producer Manufacturing sector page Watch it move against Producer Manufacturing in the Observatory

What is the price implying?

~4%annual earnings growth implied by the price

At a P/E of 6.9x, the price would imply about 3.6%/yr earnings growth for 10 years under the same assumptions, but it is not ranked.

Fewer than six years of annual earnings are available, which is too little to measure delivered growth.

“Implied growth” is what the current price would require under our stated assumptions, not what we expect.

What prices imply across Producer Manufacturing The market-wide Expectations lists

Key figures

Share Priceclose 9 Nov
₹14.28
P/E
2.8x
ROCE
9.0%
Market Cap
₹36 cr
Revenue (TTM)
₹26 cr
P/S
1.4x
P/B
0.3x
ROE
10.6%
Operating Margin
-18.2%
Debt / Equity
0.5x
Promoter Holding
53.6%
12M Momentum
-9.4%

52-week range

₹12.13₹19.40
30% of the way from its 52-week low to its high

Price risk

1Y volatility
40.8%
Beta vs sector
1-year daily
0.72

Balance sheet & cash

Interest cover
operating profit ÷ interest
12.7x
Cash from profit, 3Y
operating cash flow ÷ net profit
-0.33x
low
Share count, 1Y
unchanged

Are profits backed by cash?

0 of 7checks within range4 beyond a threshold
Other income reliance81%Beyond threshold

Other income as a share of pre-tax profit (trailing twelve months): 81.5%. Bands: below 15%, 15% to 35%, above 35%.

Tax rate11%Near threshold

Median quarterly effective tax rate over about 2.5 years: 11.2%. Bands: 15% to 35%, 5% to 15% or 35% to 50%, outside 5% to 50%.

Cash conversion-0.33xBeyond threshold

Operating cash flow divided by net profit over the last three fiscal years: -0.33x (cash from operations ₹-7 cr, net profit ₹21 cr). Bands: 0.8x and above, 0.5x to 0.8x, below 0.5x.

Free cash flow1 of 5 yrsBeyond threshold

Fiscal years with positive free cash flow in the last 5: 1. Bands: at least 80% of years, 40% to 80%, below 40%.

Receivable days vs history+157 daysBeyond threshold

Debtor days are above the median of the previous three fiscal years by 157 days (364 vs 207). Bands: under 15 days, 15 to 45, over 45.

Capital work in progress38% of fixed assetsNear threshold

Capital work-in-progress is 38% of fixed assets. Bands: not rising or up to 30%; rising for three years and above 30%; rising and above 60%.

Payable days+123 days / 2 yrsNear threshold

Days payable changed by +123 over two years. Bands: rise of up to 30 days; more than 30 days.

Tap a check to see how it is measured

How to read this

Each check is a named rule with fixed thresholds, not a score. Annual statements are the latest restated figures, so a past year may differ from what was originally reported.

All terms explained in the glossary →

Who has been buying and selling?

  • Over 3 years, institutional and promoter holdings were broadly unchanged.
  • The number of shareholders rose from 3,229 to 16,985 (+426%) between Sep 2023 and Jun 2026.

Holdings, Jun '26

How each group changed

GroupSep '23Jun '26Change
Promoters53.6%53.6%0.0 pts
FIIs———
DIIs———
Public and others46.4%46.4%0.0 pts

Number of shareholders

16,985shareholders+426% since Sep '23
3k9k14k19k Sep '23Jun '24Jun '25Jun '26
Sep '23: 3,229
Mar '24: 11,608
Jun '24: 16,029
Mar '25: 19,187
Jun '25: 18,804
Sep '25: 18,505
Jun '26: 16,985
3k9k14k19k Sep '23Jun '24Jun '25Jun '26
Sep '23: 3,229
Mar '24: 11,608
Jun '24: 16,029
Mar '25: 19,187
Jun '25: 18,804
Sep '25: 18,505
Jun '26: 16,985

Quarterly shareholding as reported, labelled by the quarter it covers (it becomes visible about two months later).
Shareholder counts are only available for recent quarters.

This quarter's smart-money board

What happened next to similar setups

+0.3%typical 12-month return vs the marketNot meaningfully different from the base rate
  • We found 50 past situations where a non-financial company looked like ASHOKA METCAST LTD today on valuation, return on capital, margins, debt, growth, price momentum, size and volatility.
  • Over the following 12 months the middle half of them returned −28% to +28% vs the market, against −4% for all non-financial companies in the same months.
  • The gap against the base rate (+4.0%, 80% range −4.1% to +11.2%) is within what chance and overlapping periods produce.

Where the 50 outcomes landed

−100%−50%0%+50%+100%
MBLINFRA · Dec 2024: −53.7% vs market
BABAFP · Mar 2025: −47.3% vs market
DNAMEDIA · Sep 2025: −46.4% vs market
VISHWARAJ · May 2023: −42.0% vs market
LIBAS · Apr 2024: −40.9% vs market
NAHARSPING · Feb 2024: −36.8% vs market
SYNOPTICS · Apr 2025: −36.5% vs market
INDIANCARD · Dec 2024: −31.1% vs market
TEXMOPIPES · Jun 2025: −29.2% vs market
NAHARINDUS · Sep 2023: −29.2% vs market
NATHBIOGEN · Jan 2024: −28.8% vs market
PIONEEREMB · Jun 2021: −28.7% vs market
NIPPOBATRY · May 2025: −28.3% vs market
TRANSWORLD · Jul 2023: −26.5% vs market
VETO · Feb 2024: −25.6% vs market
PTL · Sep 2023: −24.2% vs market
ORICONENT · Jun 2022: −15.9% vs market
ZUARIIND · Jan 2025: −12.2% vs market
NITINSPIN · Jun 2023: −8.7% vs market
ASPINWALL · Jan 2024: −8.4% vs market
MHHL · Mar 2021: −7.3% vs market
RUCHINFRA · Feb 2023: −6.6% vs market
INTLCONV · May 2025: −2.9% vs market
AROGRANITE · Jan 2020: −2.0% vs market
KCPSUGIND · Jan 2024: +0.2% vs market
DTIL · May 2021: +0.3% vs market
UFO · May 2021: +2.7% vs market
3IINFOLTD · Sep 2025: +3.8% vs market
BANG · Oct 2020: +8.7% vs market
GIPCL · Jun 2022: +10.1% vs market
ORIENTCER · Jan 2020: +11.7% vs market
ARCHIES · Sep 2022: +12.4% vs market
PASUPTAC · Feb 2025: +12.9% vs market
STEELCITY · Oct 2023: +14.6% vs market
SUPERHOUSE · Jun 2020: +16.5% vs market
MANAKSIA · Jan 2020: +26.5% vs market
MAGADSUGAR · Jun 2023: +26.6% vs market
DALMIASUG · Feb 2020: +28.3% vs market
HLVLTD · Jul 2022: +29.6% vs market
INDOWIND · Aug 2020: +33.5% vs market
ORIENTPPR · Aug 2022: +35.2% vs market
VINDHYATEL · Feb 2022: +41.1% vs market
RUCHIRA · May 2021: +41.4% vs market
KMSUGAR · May 2020: +58.3% vs market
PRAKASH · May 2023: +81.8% vs market
LAMBODHARA · Apr 2022: +106.3% vs market
TREJHARA · Sep 2020: +142.9% vs market
IZMO · Nov 2022: +173.4% vs market
USHAMART · Mar 2021: +229.4% vs market
INDSWFTLAB · Oct 2025: +278.9% vs market
Similar setups +0.3%All companies −3.7%← worse than the marketbetter than the market →

Each dot is one past situation (hover or tap for details) · Solid dots are the closest matches, listed below · Shaded is the middle half of all companies in the same months · 5 beyond the range shown, drawn at the edge

Similar setups' median
+0.3%
All companies' median
−3.7%
Beat the market
52% vs 46%

50 past situations · 50 companies · 35 months · 2020–2025

The closest matches

CompanyWhenP/EROCE12M mom.DrawdownNext 12 months
INDIANCARD
Producer Manufacturing
Dec 2024 3x3% +24%−20% −31%
NIPPOBATRY
Producer Manufacturing
May 2025 3x8% −14%−19% −28%
KCPSUGIND
Process Industries
Jan 2024 8x5% +39%−8% 0%
BANG
Retail Trade
Oct 2020 4x2% −2%−27% +9%
TREJHARA
Technology Services
Sep 2020 3x3% −1%−10% +143%
Show the other 3 matches
CompanyWhenP/EROCE12M mom.DrawdownNext 12 months
DTIL
Process Industries
May 2021 3x0% +122%−4% 0%
KMSUGAR
Process Industries
May 2020 3x17% −25%−36% +58%
SYNOPTICS
Technology Services
Apr 2025 13x15% −23%−32% −37%
How reliable is this?

Matched on P/E, P/S, ROCE, operating margin, debt/equity, interest cover, revenue growth, 12-month momentum, drawdown from 12-month high, size and volatility. Closest on: 12-month momentum, drawdown from 12-month high and ROCE. One match per company and at most 7 from any one month.

Independent periods: the matches fall in 5 distinct 12-month windows. Matches from nearby months share the same market conditions, so fewer windows means less evidence.

How this is built

This is history, not a forecast. These are past situations where other companies had broadly similar reported numbers and price trends. What happened to them does not tell you what will happen to ASHOKA METCAST LTD. The comparison covers only 2020–2025, a single market period, and only companies still listed today. Companies that were delisted or went bankrupt are missing, which makes past outcomes look better than they were. Returns exclude dividends and are measured against an ApnaFunda-built index, not an official benchmark. Fundamentals are matched on a 60-day assumed reporting lag, not actual announcement dates. Its historical skill has not yet been measured. Past patterns may not repeat.

Methodology

How historical analogs are built

Data as of 2026-11-09. Outcome pool: Jan 2020 to Oct 2025.

For every company we look at the situation it is in today (valuation, return on capital, margins, debt, growth, 12-month price momentum, drawdown, size and volatility) and find past company-months that looked most like it. We then show what happened to those past situations over the following 12 months, measured against the ApnaFunda All index and against the base rate. It describes history. It does not predict anything.

What is compared

FeatureWeightNon-financialFinancial
P/E1yesyes
P/S1yes—
P/B1—yes
ROCE1yes—
operating margin1yes—
ROE1—yes
debt/equity0.75yes—
interest cover0.5yes—
revenue growth0.75yesyes
12-month momentum1yesyes
drawdown from 12-month high0.75yesyes
size0.75yesyes
volatility0.5yesyes

Weights were set by judgement before any outcome was looked at and are never tuned on results. Loss-making companies (negative P/E or net profit) are only matched with other loss-making companies. Banks, NBFCs and insurers are compared only with each other and use a different feature set. Every feature is converted, month by month, to its rank among companies in the same pool in that month, so a P/E of 30 in a hot market and a P/E of 22 in a cold one can match if both were equally expensive for their time. Only that month's data is used.

How closeness and the sample are defined

Distance is the weighted root-mean-square gap between the standardised features both companies have. A match needs at least 70% of the query's feature weight, a distance of at most 0.9, and 30 matches at minimum to be shown. We keep up to 50 matches with these exclusions: never the company itself, one match per company (its closest month), and at most 7 from any one calendar month so a single market episode cannot dominate.

Base rate

The base rate is the distribution of 12-month returns, relative to the market, of every eligible company-month in the same pool, with each month weighted to match the months the analogs came from. It answers: how did a random company do in these same months? Because matches from nearby months share the same market conditions, we also report the number of distinct 12-month windows behind a result, and a bootstrap that resamples months decides whether the analog median differs from the base rate at all. "Not meaningfully different" is the usual outcome and the page copy is written for it.

Limits you should know

  • One market period. The outcome pool covers 2020–2025 only (70 months), including the 2020 crash and the 2020–21 rally.
  • Survivorship. Only companies listed today are included. Delisted and bankrupt companies are missing, which flatters past outcomes, particularly for distressed-looking setups.
  • Price return only. Dividends are excluded, and the benchmark is an ApnaFunda market-cap-weighted index of the same listed companies, not an official index.
  • Reporting lag. Fundamentals are matched on an assumed 60-day lag after the quarter end, not on real announcement dates.
  • Pools: non-financial: 98,395 company-months from 2019 companies; financial: 5,659 company-months from 108 companies. 2349 companies currently have a result; the rest are suppressed because too few comparable situations exist.

Does it work? A walk-forward check

The walk-forward check has not been run for this build, so skill is shown as not yet measured.

Disclaimer

This is history, not a forecast. These are past situations where other companies had broadly similar reported numbers and price trends. What happened to them does not tell you what will happen to any company shown. The comparison covers only 2020–2025, a single market period, and only companies still listed today. Companies that were delisted or went bankrupt are missing, which makes past outcomes look better than they were. Returns exclude dividends and are measured against an ApnaFunda-built index, not an official benchmark. Fundamentals are matched on a 60-day assumed reporting lag, not actual announcement dates. Its historical skill has not yet been measured. Past patterns may not repeat.

What changed?

16 events since Sep '23

  1. SepPeer rankSlipped to the bottom quartile of Producer Manufacturing on operating margin (from the top quartile).
  2. JunResultsYear-on-year EPS growth turned positive.
  3. JunPeer rankMoved into the top quartile of Producer Manufacturing on EPS growth (from the 3rd quartile).
  4. MarPriceFell 65% from the Dec 2023 peak to the Mar 2026 low.
  5. MarValuationP/E fell below the 10th percentile of its own history to date (3.4x).
  6. MarPeer rankMoved into the 3rd quartile of Producer Manufacturing on EPS growth (from the bottom quartile).
  7. DecResultsYear-on-year EPS growth turned negative.
  8. DecPeer rankMoved into the top quartile of Producer Manufacturing on operating margin (from the 3rd quartile).
Show 8 earlier events
  1. SepPeer rankMoved into the 3rd quartile of Producer Manufacturing on operating margin (from the bottom quartile).
  2. JunPeer rankSlipped to the bottom quartile of Producer Manufacturing on operating margin (from the top quartile).
  3. DecResultsRevenue (TTM) reached a new high of ₹72 cr.
  4. DecPeer rankMoved into the top quartile of Producer Manufacturing on operating margin (from the 3rd quartile).
  5. SepPeer rankSlipped to the 3rd quartile of Producer Manufacturing on operating margin (from the 2nd quartile).
  6. JunResultsRevenue (TTM) reached a new high of ₹66 cr.
  7. DecPriceRegained the 2023-07 peak, 3 months after the low.
  8. SepPriceFell 34% from the Jul 2023 peak to the Sep 2023 low.

Events are generated from the data by fixed rules.
The month shown is when the change became visible in the reported figures, assuming a 60-day lag after each quarter end; it is not an announcement date.

Where price and fundamentals disagree, market-wide Rewind the whole market to any month

Monthly history42 months · 2023-06 to 2026-11
MonthP/ERevenue (TTM)ROEROCEDebt / Equity
2026-112.8x₹26 cr10.6%9.0%0.5x
2026-102.7x₹26 cr10.6%9.0%0.5x
2026-092.9x₹26 cr10.6%9.0%0.5x
2026-083.2x₹28 cr8.9%9.0%0.5x
2026-073.3x₹28 cr8.9%9.0%0.5x
2026-063.4x₹28 cr8.9%9.0%0.5x
2026-054.3x₹24 cr8.2%4.0%0.1x
2026-044.5x₹24 cr8.2%4.0%0.1x
2026-033.4x₹24 cr8.2%4.0%0.1x
2026-025.9x₹24 cr5.8%4.0%0.1x
2026-015.4x₹24 cr5.8%4.0%0.1x
2025-126.1x₹24 cr5.8%4.0%0.1x
2025-115.7x₹33 cr6.3%4.0%0.1x
2025-106.1x₹33 cr6.3%4.0%0.1x
2025-096.2x₹33 cr6.3%4.0%0.1x
2025-085.6x₹39 cr6.6%4.0%0.1x
2025-076.0x₹39 cr6.6%4.0%0.1x
2025-065.9x₹39 cr6.6%4.0%0.1x
2025-054.3x₹72 cr9.9%5.0%0.2x
2025-044.2x₹72 cr9.9%5.0%0.2x
2025-033.7x₹72 cr9.9%5.0%0.2x
2025-024.9x₹72 cr8.5%5.0%0.2x
2025-016.1x₹72 cr8.5%5.0%0.2x
2024-126.5x₹72 cr8.5%5.0%0.2x
2024-1110.5x₹63 cr5.5%5.0%0.2x
2024-1011.8x₹63 cr5.5%5.0%0.2x
2024-098.9x₹63 cr5.5%5.0%0.2x
2024-0810.0x₹66 cr4.8%5.0%0.2x
2024-0710.1x₹66 cr4.8%5.0%0.2x
2024-0610.0x₹66 cr4.8%5.0%0.2x
2024-0518.9x₹50 cr3.2%5.0%0.2x
2024-0414.5x₹50 cr3.2%5.0%0.2x
2024-0314.0x₹50 cr3.2%5.0%0.2x
2024-0218.6x₹50 cr3.2%5.0%0.2x
2024-0120.8x₹50 cr3.2%5.0%0.2x
2023-1226.7x₹50 cr3.2%5.0%0.2x
2023-1115.7x₹50 cr3.2%5.0%0.2x
2023-1015.9x₹50 cr3.2%5.0%0.2x
2023-0914.5x₹50 cr3.2%5.0%0.2x
2023-0814.4x₹50 cr3.2%5.0%0.2x
2023-0715.9x₹50 cr3.2%5.0%0.2x
2023-0613.1x₹50 cr3.2%5.0%0.2x

Methodology and data notes

Methodology

Methodology and data notes

All figures come from public exchange prices and screener.in financial statements. Quarterly and annual results are shown from 60 days after the period end, so a month never uses a result before it would plausibly have been published. Statements are the latest versions, which may include later restatements.

Sector medians, percentiles and indices use today's listed companies in the sector (survivorship bias). Prices are adjusted for splits and bonus issues; around a corporate action the fundamentals may lag the price by up to a month, and affected sections are hidden.

The return decomposition uses price = P/E × net profit ÷ share count. The reverse DCF uses a fixed 12% cost of equity, a 10-year horizon and a 15x terminal P/E, and is an illustration only. Events, flags and twins follow fixed rules and thresholds described next to each section.

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