INDIAN HUME PIPE CO. LTD. (INDIANHUME): Financials & Fundamentals History

Share price

Closing priceAdjusted for splits and bonus issues.

3M1Y3YAll

₹300.55 latest close · −13.7% over the last 90 sessions

₹300.55 month-end · −24.3% over 12 months

₹300.55 month-end · +20.2% over 3 years

₹300.55 month-end · −8.9% since Jan '19

52-week range ₹279.80 to ₹432.00 · 1-year volatility 42.7%

Was the rally earned?

1 year3 years5 years

-24%share price, 1 yearEarnings-driven

Mostly earnings.

Per-share earnings took off 118 points, while the multiple moved less (P/E 3.8x to 11.1x).
The share count barely moved.

Net profit growth-118 ptsNet profit fell about 74%, which lowers the price.

P/E change+93 ptsThe P/E rose from 3.8x to 11.1x, which lifts the price.

Share count change0 ptsShare count was little changed. More shares would count against the price.

+20%share price, 3 yearsLower P/E held it back

Mostly yes, with a catch.

Per-share earnings added 94 points, but investors now pay less per rupee of profit (P/E 21.7x to 11.1x), which took 74 points back.
The share count rose 8%.

Net profit growth+103 ptsNet profit rose about 155%, which lifts the price.

P/E change-74 ptsThe P/E fell from 21.7x to 11.1x, which lowers the price.

Share count change-8 ptsShare count rose 8%, which lowers the price.

+58%share price, 5 yearsLower P/E held it back

Mostly yes, with a catch.

Per-share earnings added 144 points, but investors now pay less per rupee of profit (P/E 22.0x to 11.1x), which took 86 points back.
The share count rose 9%.

Net profit growth+155 ptsNet profit rose about 239%, which lifts the price.

P/E change-86 ptsThe P/E fell from 22.0x to 11.1x, which lowers the price.

Share count change-10 ptsShare count rose 9%, which lowers the price.

What do "pts" mean?

"pts" are percentage points of the share price return. The parts add up to the total shown for each period. Because price = P/E × net profit ÷ share count, higher profit pushes the price up, a higher P/E pushes it up, and more shares push it down.

Example: if the price rose 34% and profit growth accounts for +58 pts while a lower P/E accounts for -24 pts, then 58 - 24 = 34. The +58 is not the profit growth rate itself: it is the part of the price move that profit growth explains.

Net profit is trailing twelve months as reported with a 60-day lag.

Compare this with KAJARIA CERAMICS

How rough has the ride been?

Maximum drawdown-68.0%recovered 2024-06

1-year volatility42.7%annualised

Beta vs sector index1.253-year daily, correlation 0.51

Volume spikes3last 90 sessions, 5x the 50-day median

Drawdown from peak

Largest drawdowns

-68.0% (2019-01 peak to 2020-03 low, recovered 2024-06)

-50.8% (2024-09 peak to 2026-03 low, not yet recovered)

Most recent volume spikes

2026-07-13: 44.6x the 50-day median, price +12.1% that day

2026-07-06: 7.2x the 50-day median, price +4.2% that day

2026-07-03: 13.3x the 50-day median, price +3.9% that day

Beta is the slope of daily returns against a market-cap-weighted index of the sector's other listed companies, built from today's constituents (so it excludes companies no longer listed).

Is it expensive against its own past and its peers?

11.1xP/E todayWithin its usual range

Against its own history23rd percentile

CheapestMedian 14.4xDearest

Usual range 3.8x to 24.1x since 2019-01.

Against Producer Manufacturing11.1x vs 29.6x

This company

11.1x

Sector median

29.6x

62% below the Producer Manufacturing median.

P/EP/BP/S

P/E (this company)10th to 90th percentile of its own historyIts medianProducer Manufacturing median

The chart loads when you open this tab.

P/B (this company)10th to 90th percentile of its own historyIts medianProducer Manufacturing median

The chart loads when you open this tab.

P/S (this company)10th to 90th percentile of its own historyIts medianProducer Manufacturing median

How to read this

Shaded band: 10th to 90th percentile of the company's own P/E history; dotted line: its median; orange line: sector median (companies with a positive multiple, at least 5 in the sector).

Sector figures are built from today's listed companies, so they exclude companies that are no longer listed.

All terms explained in the glossary →

How Producer Manufacturing is valued

Where does it rank among Producer Manufacturing peers?

Each cell is the company's percentile rank among its Producer Manufacturing peers (non-financial companies) that month.
Darker is better-ranked.
Rows marked ↓ are inverted (lower debt, shorter cash cycle and a lower P/E rank higher).

Where it ranks today

ROCE28th▼ 4 pts vs a year ago
Op. margin41st▼ 6 pts vs a year ago
Revenue growth9th▼ 23 pts vs a year ago
EPS growth8th▼ 90 pts vs a year ago
Debt/equity ↓47th▲ 5 pts vs a year ago
Cash cycle ↓100thflat vs a year ago
P/E ↓90th▼ 10 pts vs a year ago
12M momentum25th▼ 41 pts vs a year ago

Rank history

ROCE

Op. margin

Revenue growth

EPS growth

Debt/equity ↓

Cash cycle ↓

P/E ↓

12M momentum

Dec '21Jul '22Jan '23Jul '23Jan '24Jul '24Jan '25Jul '25Jan '26Jul '26Nov '26

Lower rank Higher rank Not enough data

Percentiles use today's listed companies in the sector and need at least 5 peers with a value; grey cells have too few.
ROE is computed from net profit and book value where the source does not report it.

The Producer Manufacturing sector page Watch it move against Producer Manufacturing in the Observatory

What is the price implying?

~5%annual earnings growth implied by the priceBelow delivered growth

At normalised P/E (five-year average earnings) of 9.0x, a holder earning 12%/yr needs earnings to grow about 4.9%/yr for 10 years, then trade at 15x.

Delivered15.9%/yrEPS, last 10 fiscal years · 3-yr avg to 3-yr avg

Gap−11.0 ptsimplied minus delivered

Rank713thmost demanding of 856

Over time

Implied growth by month (solid) and delivered growth (dashed).

Change the assumptions

Exit P/E / return	11%	12%	13%
12x	6.1%	7.0%	8.0%
15x	3.9%	4.9%	5.8%
20x	1.2%	2.1%	3.0%

Drag a slider to test other assumptions

Required return 12.0% Years 10 Exit P/E 15x Implied: 4.9%/yr

Looking back

Jan 2020Price implied 13%/yr; EPS has since grown 6%/yr (7.0 yrs)
Jan 2021Price implied 9%/yr; EPS has since grown 10%/yr (6.0 yrs)
Jan 2022Price implied 10%/yr; EPS has since grown 25%/yr (5.0 yrs)

Past comparisons cover only companies listed today (survivorship bias) and say nothing about future outcomes.

“Implied growth” is what the current price would require under our stated assumptions, not what we expect. How this is calculated and the market-wide lists.

What prices imply across Producer Manufacturing The market-wide Expectations lists

Key figures

Share Priceclose 9 Nov: ₹300.55
P/E: 11.1x
ROCE: 10.0%
Market Cap: ₹1582 cr
Revenue (TTM): ₹1301 cr
P/S: 1.2x
P/B: 1.1x
ROE: 9.6%
Operating Margin: 10.0%
Debt / Equity: 0.3x
Promoter Holding: 72.3%
12M Momentum: -24.3%

52-week range

₹279.80₹432.00

14% of the way from its 52-week low to its high

Price risk

1Y volatility

42.7%

Beta vs sector

1-year daily

1.06

Balance sheet & cash

Interest cover

operating profit ÷ interest

5.0x

Cash from profit, 3Y

operating cash flow ÷ net profit

0.92x

Share count, 1Y

unchanged

Are profits backed by cash?

6 of 7checks within range1 beyond a threshold

Other income reliance61%Beyond threshold

Other income as a share of pre-tax profit (trailing twelve months): 60.5%. Bands: below 15%, 15% to 35%, above 35%.

Tax rate25%Within range

Median quarterly effective tax rate over about 2.5 years: 25.0%. Bands: 15% to 35%, 5% to 15% or 35% to 50%, outside 5% to 50%.

Cash conversion0.92xWithin range

Operating cash flow divided by net profit over the last three fiscal years: 0.92x (cash from operations ₹711 cr, net profit ₹777 cr). Bands: 0.8x and above, 0.5x to 0.8x, below 0.5x.

Free cash flow5 of 5 yrsWithin range

Fiscal years with positive free cash flow in the last 5: 5. Bands: at least 80% of years, 40% to 80%, below 40%.

Receivable days vs history-38 daysWithin range

Debtor days are below the median of the previous three fiscal years by 38 days (136 vs 174). Bands: under 15 days, 15 to 45, over 45.

Capital work in progress1% of fixed assetsWithin range

Capital work-in-progress is 1% of fixed assets. Bands: not rising or up to 30%; rising for three years and above 30%; rising and above 60%.

Payable days-970 days / 2 yrsWithin range

Days payable changed by -970 over two years. Bands: rise of up to 30 days; more than 30 days.

Tap a check to see how it is measured

How to read this

Each check is a named rule with fixed thresholds, not a score. Annual statements are the latest restated figures, so a past year may differ from what was originally reported.

All terms explained in the glossary →

Who has been buying and selling?

Over 2 years, DIIs trimmed 1.5 pts.
The number of shareholders rose from 24,224 to 27,545 (+14%) between Dec 2023 and Jun 2026.

Holdings, Jun '26

How each group changed

GroupDec '23Jun '26Change

Promoters72.3%72.3%0.0 pts

FIIs0.7%0.4%-0.3 pts

DIIs2.2%0.8%-1.5 pts

Public and others24.8%26.5%+1.8 pts

Number of shareholders

27,545shareholders+14% since Dec '23

Quarterly shareholding as reported, labelled by the quarter it covers (it becomes visible about two months later).
Shareholder counts are only available for recent quarters.

This quarter's smart-money board

What happened next to similar setups

−2.3%typical 12-month return vs the marketNot meaningfully different from the base rate

We found 50 past situations where a non-financial company looked like INDIAN HUME PIPE CO. LTD. today on valuation, return on capital, margins, debt, growth, price momentum, size and volatility.
Over the following 12 months the middle half of them returned −22% to +30% vs the market, against −6% for all non-financial companies in the same months.
The gap against the base rate (+3.3%, 80% range −8.9% to +7.8%) is within what chance and overlapping periods produce.

Where the 50 outcomes landed

Each dot is one past situation (hover or tap for details) · Solid dots are the closest matches, listed below · Shaded is the middle half of all companies in the same months · 3 beyond the range shown, drawn at the edge

Similar setups' median

−2.3%

All companies' median

−5.6%

Beat the market

46% vs 44%

50 past situations · 50 companies · 35 months · 2020–2025

The closest matches

Company	When	P/E	ROCE	12M mom.	Drawdown	Next 12 months
SMSPHARMA Health Technology	Apr 2023	11x	13%	−19%	−23%	+72%
DBCORP Consumer Services	Apr 2022	11x	10%	+13%	−22%	+30%
JKIL Industrial Services	May 2020	6x	13%	−49%	−55%	+31%
JAGRAN Consumer Services	Sep 2021	16x	5%	+60%	−15%	+9%
DALMIASUG Process Industries	Nov 2024	14x	10%	−4%	−23%	−33%

Show the other 3 matches

Company	When	P/E	ROCE	12M mom.	Drawdown	Next 12 months
VINDHYATEL Industrial Services	Jul 2022	7x	8%	−21%	−23%	+69%
VSSL Non-Energy Minerals	Aug 2024	25x	—	+31%	−15%	−4%
JUBLPHARMA Health Technology	May 2023	13x	10%	−14%	−21%	+45%

How reliable is this?

Matched on P/E, P/S, ROCE, operating margin, debt/equity, interest cover, revenue growth, 12-month momentum, drawdown from 12-month high, size and volatility. Closest on: 12-month momentum, drawdown from 12-month high and ROCE. One match per company and at most 7 from any one month.

Independent periods: the matches fall in 6 distinct 12-month windows. Matches from nearby months share the same market conditions, so fewer windows means less evidence.

How this is built

This is history, not a forecast. These are past situations where other companies had broadly similar reported numbers and price trends. What happened to them does not tell you what will happen to INDIAN HUME PIPE CO. LTD.. The comparison covers only 2020–2025, a single market period, and only companies still listed today. Companies that were delisted or went bankrupt are missing, which makes past outcomes look better than they were. Returns exclude dividends and are measured against an ApnaFunda-built index, not an official benchmark. Fundamentals are matched on a 60-day assumed reporting lag, not actual announcement dates. Its historical skill has not yet been measured. Past patterns may not repeat.

Methodology

How historical analogs are built

Data as of 2026-11-09. Outcome pool: Jan 2020 to Oct 2025.

For every company we look at the situation it is in today (valuation, return on capital, margins, debt, growth, 12-month price momentum, drawdown, size and volatility) and find past company-months that looked most like it. We then show what happened to those past situations over the following 12 months, measured against the ApnaFunda All index and against the base rate. It describes history. It does not predict anything.

What is compared

Feature	Weight	Non-financial	Financial
P/E	1	yes	yes
P/S	1	yes	—
P/B	1	—	yes
ROCE	1	yes	—
operating margin	1	yes	—
ROE	1	—	yes
debt/equity	0.75	yes	—
interest cover	0.5	yes	—
revenue growth	0.75	yes	yes
12-month momentum	1	yes	yes
drawdown from 12-month high	0.75	yes	yes
size	0.75	yes	yes
volatility	0.5	yes	yes

Weights were set by judgement before any outcome was looked at and are never tuned on results. Loss-making companies (negative P/E or net profit) are only matched with other loss-making companies. Banks, NBFCs and insurers are compared only with each other and use a different feature set. Every feature is converted, month by month, to its rank among companies in the same pool in that month, so a P/E of 30 in a hot market and a P/E of 22 in a cold one can match if both were equally expensive for their time. Only that month's data is used.

How closeness and the sample are defined

Distance is the weighted root-mean-square gap between the standardised features both companies have. A match needs at least 70% of the query's feature weight, a distance of at most 0.9, and 30 matches at minimum to be shown. We keep up to 50 matches with these exclusions: never the company itself, one match per company (its closest month), and at most 7 from any one calendar month so a single market episode cannot dominate.

Base rate

The base rate is the distribution of 12-month returns, relative to the market, of every eligible company-month in the same pool, with each month weighted to match the months the analogs came from. It answers: how did a random company do in these same months? Because matches from nearby months share the same market conditions, we also report the number of distinct 12-month windows behind a result, and a bootstrap that resamples months decides whether the analog median differs from the base rate at all. "Not meaningfully different" is the usual outcome and the page copy is written for it.

Limits you should know

One market period. The outcome pool covers 2020–2025 only (70 months), including the 2020 crash and the 2020–21 rally.
Survivorship. Only companies listed today are included. Delisted and bankrupt companies are missing, which flatters past outcomes, particularly for distressed-looking setups.
Price return only. Dividends are excluded, and the benchmark is an ApnaFunda market-cap-weighted index of the same listed companies, not an official index.
Reporting lag. Fundamentals are matched on an assumed 60-day lag after the quarter end, not on real announcement dates.
Pools: non-financial: 98,395 company-months from 2019 companies; financial: 5,659 company-months from 108 companies. 2349 companies currently have a result; the rest are suppressed because too few comparable situations exist.

Does it work? A walk-forward check

The walk-forward check has not been run for this build, so skill is shown as not yet measured.

Disclaimer

This is history, not a forecast. These are past situations where other companies had broadly similar reported numbers and price trends. What happened to them does not tell you what will happen to any company shown. The comparison covers only 2020–2025, a single market period, and only companies still listed today. Companies that were delisted or went bankrupt are missing, which makes past outcomes look better than they were. Returns exclude dividends and are measured against an ApnaFunda-built index, not an official benchmark. Fundamentals are matched on a 60-day assumed reporting lag, not actual announcement dates. Its historical skill has not yet been measured. Past patterns may not repeat.

What else looks like this?

Companies with the most similar financial profile today, regardless of industry.

KANORIA CHEMICALS & INDUSTRIESKANORICHEM

Process Industries

70%similar

operating marginrevenue growth

NAHAR POLYFILMSNAHARPOLY

Process Industries

66%similar

volatilitypromoter holding

JAI CORPJAICORPLTD

Process Industries

65%similar

market caprevenue growth

RUPA & COMPANYRUPA

Consumer Non-Durables

65%similar

ROCErevenue

KRYSTAL INTEGRATED SERVICEKRYSTAL

Commercial Services

63%similar

revenueP/E

EVEREST KANTO CYLINDERSEKC

Producer Manufacturing

68%similar

revenueP/E

MANGAL ELECTRIC INDUSTRIESMEIL

Producer Manufacturing

51%similar

volatilityoperating margin

G N A AXLESGNA

Producer Manufacturing

48%similar

revenuedebt/equity

Similarity is statistical, based on reported metrics; it does not imply similar business quality or future returns.

What changed?

30 events since Jun '23

2026
JulPriceVolume reached 44.6x its 50-day median on 2026-07-13; price +12.1% that day.
JunResultsYear-on-year EPS growth turned negative.
JunPeer rankMoved into the 3rd quartile of Producer Manufacturing on operating margin (from the bottom quartile).
AprPriceVolume reached 82.4x its 50-day median on 2026-04-30; price +1.7% that day.
MarPriceFell 51% from the Sep 2024 peak to the Mar 2026 low.
MarPeer rankSlipped to the bottom quartile of Producer Manufacturing on operating margin (from the 2nd quartile).
MarPriceVolume reached 18.7x its 50-day median on 2026-03-11; price +10.7% that day.
2025
DecPeer rankMoved into the 2nd quartile of Producer Manufacturing on operating margin (from the 3rd quartile).

Show 22 earlier events

2025
NovPriceVolume reached 10.1x its 50-day median on 2025-11-11; price -0.2% that day.
SepPeer rankSlipped to the 3rd quartile of Producer Manufacturing on operating margin (from the 2nd quartile).
JulPriceVolume reached 8.9x its 50-day median on 2025-07-04; price +2.5% that day.
JunValuationP/E fell below the 10th percentile of its own history to date (4.1x).
JunPeer rankMoved into the 2nd quartile of Producer Manufacturing on operating margin (from the 3rd quartile).
JunDividendDividend payout cut from 10% to 5% of profit.
JunPriceVolume reached 10.1x its 50-day median on 2025-06-10; price +0.9% that day.
MarPriceVolume reached 22.4x its 50-day median on 2025-03-20; price +5.6% that day.
2024
DecPeer rankSlipped to the 3rd quartile of Producer Manufacturing on operating margin (from the 2nd quartile).
SepPeer rankSlipped to the 2nd quartile of Producer Manufacturing on operating margin (from the top quartile).
SepPriceVolume reached 11.2x its 50-day median on 2024-09-02; price +5.1% that day.
JunResultsYear-on-year EPS growth turned positive.
JunPriceRegained the 2019-01 peak, 51 months after the low.
JunPeer rankMoved into the 2nd quartile of Producer Manufacturing on EPS growth (from the 3rd quartile).
JunSharesShare count is up 10.0% over 12 months.
MayPriceVolume reached 39.5x its 50-day median on 2024-05-17; price +17.7% that day.
MarPriceVolume reached 23.9x its 50-day median on 2024-03-14; price +16.1% that day.
FebValuationP/E crossed above the 90th percentile of its own history to date (25.6x).
2023
DecPriceVolume reached 11.5x its 50-day median on 2023-12-05; price +8.3% that day.
JulValuationP/E crossed above the 90th percentile of its own history to date (23.0x).
JulPriceVolume reached 10.4x its 50-day median on 2023-07-20; price +13.0% that day.
JunResultsYear-on-year EPS growth turned negative.

Events are generated from the data by fixed rules.
The month shown is when the change became visible in the reported figures, assuming a 60-day lag after each quarter end; it is not an announcement date.

Where price and fundamentals disagree, market-wide Rewind the whole market to any month

Monthly history60 months · 2021-12 to 2026-11

Month	P/E	Revenue (TTM)	ROE	ROCE	Debt / Equity
2026-11	11.1x	₹1301 cr	9.6%	10.0%	0.3x
2026-10	11.0x	₹1301 cr	9.7%	10.0%	0.3x
2026-09	13.0x	₹1301 cr	9.7%	10.0%	0.3x
2026-08	14.2x	₹1305 cr	9.6%	10.0%	0.3x
2026-07	14.6x	₹1305 cr	9.6%	10.0%	0.3x
2026-06	12.3x	₹1305 cr	9.6%	10.0%	0.3x
2026-05	2.7x	₹1346 cr	44.9%	12.0%	0.3x
2026-04	2.8x	₹1346 cr	44.9%	12.0%	0.3x
2026-03	2.4x	₹1346 cr	44.9%	12.0%	0.3x
2026-02	3.1x	₹1445 cr	41.4%	12.0%	0.3x
2026-01	3.5x	₹1445 cr	41.4%	12.0%	0.3x
2025-12	3.8x	₹1445 cr	41.4%	12.0%	0.3x
2025-11	3.8x	₹1434 cr	39.8%	12.0%	0.3x
2025-10	3.4x	₹1434 cr	39.8%	12.0%	0.3x
2025-09	3.4x	₹1434 cr	39.8%	12.0%	0.3x
2025-08	3.4x	₹1491 cr	40.5%	12.0%	0.3x
2025-07	3.9x	₹1491 cr	40.5%	12.0%	0.3x
2025-06	4.1x	₹1491 cr	40.5%	12.0%	0.3x
2025-05	21.9x	₹1503 cr	12.3%	13.0%	0.6x
2025-04	19.6x	₹1503 cr	12.3%	13.0%	0.6x
2025-03	18.8x	₹1503 cr	12.3%	13.0%	0.6x
2025-02	16.5x	₹1441 cr	12.4%	13.0%	0.6x
2025-01	16.5x	₹1441 cr	12.4%	13.0%	0.6x
2024-12	18.4x	₹1441 cr	12.4%	13.0%	0.6x
2024-11	21.7x	₹1406 cr	12.0%	13.0%	0.6x
2024-10	23.4x	₹1406 cr	12.0%	13.0%	0.6x
2024-09	25.9x	₹1406 cr	12.0%	13.0%	0.6x
2024-08	36.4x	₹1389 cr	9.4%	13.0%	0.6x
2024-07	34.5x	₹1389 cr	9.4%	13.0%	0.6x
2024-06	27.5x	₹1389 cr	9.4%	13.0%	0.6x
2024-05	27.3x	₹1543 cr	8.0%	12.0%	0.9x
2024-04	23.5x	₹1543 cr	8.0%	12.0%	0.9x
2024-03	22.1x	₹1543 cr	8.0%	12.0%	0.9x
2024-02	25.6x	₹1543 cr	8.0%	12.0%	0.9x
2024-01	21.4x	₹1543 cr	8.0%	12.0%	0.9x
2023-12	21.1x	₹1543 cr	8.0%	12.0%	0.9x
2023-11	21.7x	₹1543 cr	8.0%	12.0%	0.9x
2023-10	19.3x	₹1543 cr	8.0%	12.0%	0.9x
2023-09	21.0x	₹1543 cr	8.0%	12.0%	0.9x
2023-08	24.0x	₹1543 cr	8.0%	12.0%	0.9x
2023-07	23.0x	₹1543 cr	8.0%	12.0%	0.9x
2023-06	19.1x	₹1543 cr	8.0%	12.0%	0.9x
2023-05	11.7x	₹1520 cr	8.9%	12.0%	0.9x
2023-04	11.7x	₹1520 cr	8.9%	12.0%	0.9x
2023-03	10.2x	₹1520 cr	8.9%	12.0%	0.9x
2023-02	11.1x	₹1520 cr	8.9%	12.0%	0.9x
2023-01	12.1x	₹1520 cr	8.9%	12.0%	0.9x
2022-12	13.0x	₹1520 cr	8.9%	12.0%	0.9x
2022-11	13.6x	₹1520 cr	8.9%	12.0%	0.9x
2022-10	13.7x	₹1520 cr	8.9%	12.0%	0.9x
2022-09	13.4x	₹1520 cr	8.9%	12.0%	0.9x
2022-08	14.7x	₹1520 cr	8.9%	12.0%	0.9x
2022-07	13.0x	₹1520 cr	8.9%	12.0%	0.9x
2022-06	11.8x	₹1520 cr	8.9%	12.0%	0.9x
2022-05	18.7x	₹1241 cr	7.0%	11.0%	0.9x
2022-04	20.9x	₹1241 cr	7.0%	11.0%	0.9x
2022-03	20.6x	₹1241 cr	7.0%	11.0%	0.9x
2022-02	22.4x	₹1241 cr	7.0%	11.0%	0.9x
2022-01	25.0x	₹1241 cr	7.0%	11.0%	0.9x
2021-12	22.5x	₹1241 cr	7.0%	11.0%	0.9x

Older months are in the live observatory.

Methodology and data notes